The primary stakeholders for this case

The primary stakeholders for this case are the investors, stock holders and other clients that are directly doing business with the company. Furthermore, secondary stakeholders can be the company’s employees and board members. Whatever decision the company’s controller takes, it will have a direct effect on these com/tesco-and-oxfam-stakeholders/">stakeholders. b. The president’s request regarding increasing the allowance for doubtful accounts from 2% to 4% poses some ethical dilemma for the company.As the controller of the company, the controller knows what is best for the company, thus, suggesting a 2% allowance for doubtful accounts guarantees that the company will be, at least, achieve its target growth rate. However, the president wants the company to play safe, thus, suggesting an increase in allowance. Even though the president has a good intention in his request, the fact that he is overestimating the allowance poses many possible effects for the company and for the stakeholders in the long run.The company and its stakeholders might be mislead by the impression that they are achieving their target growth rate when in fact, that percentage is lower compared to the actual target growth rate that the company should accomplish. In addition, the request posted by the president does not have any quantitative data to support the decision. This, in the long run may underestimate the potential of the company in terms of financial growth because the increase in allowance in turn, means an decrease in company income (Clausen 2009).c. The company’s controller should be concerned in the company growth rate because as the company’s employee, he is also a stakeholder of the company who can be affected if wrong decisions are implemented. His job of assuring the company’s stability will be affected if wrong estimations regarding financial activities will be followed. He as the controller should make sure first if the presidentâ €™s suggestion would be suitable for the company before implementing it.If the suggestion will pose unreasonable risk for the company, then the suggestion should be abandoned and other ways on securing the company’s growth rate should be done to still achieve the target results (Clausen 2009). ? Source: Clausen, James (2009). Accounting 101 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts. Suite 101. com. Available at: http://accounting. suite101. com/article. cfm/accounting_101_allowance_for_doubtful_accounts

Nutrition Self Assessment

My family often comments on how fat I am. I was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis in 2004. At the time I could not close either of my hands to make a fist. Opening a door was near impossible. My wife had to button up my military uniforms for me. I was eventually medically discharged. I can now make fists, but have pain as a norm. Over the past 10 years I have put on around 80 pounds. I lost around 20 over the past 2 months with eating a bit better. I was down to 226 pounds when we moved back to Utah in 2012. My food habits were great for about 2 years before moving back to Utah.I was eating good healthy portions and exercising regularly. Other than those 2 years, my exercising and eating habits have been fairly short lasting with long periods between. Have a home gym, but often find other things to do at home besides exercise. I am not a fan of the gyms because don't like waiting for the equipment and don't like other people watching me. Absolutely hate cardiac, but will play baske tball or football for hours on end. I was often in the top 5 runners in my military group when running the timed 2 mile course, but just do not enjoy going for runs.Calculations eve a Body Mass Index (IBM) of 34. 32 (height/(weight 2) x 703) which is obese for my height. I am not a believer in the IBM calculations. I almost didn't make it into the army because of how much weighed. At that time, I was 215 pounds and had a low body fat. I was lifting weights and involved in sports, but according to the IBM calculator that the army used, they had to get a doctor to look at me and decided if was too fat or not. My waist to hip ratio 46/49 = 0. 94. MY Basal Metabolic Rate (BMW) is 2,344 calories. BMW is the amount of calories needed for my body to stay alive while sitting still. Currently striving to stay under 3000 calories a day and drink a gallon of water a day. Nursing Diagnosis My nursing diagnosis would be inadequate food intake, more than body requires. This is related to the pati ent telling himself he is too busy as a student, father, business owner, and part time nurse, to work out and watch what he eats. Basically, I am tired and lazy. I attribute my obesity to most of my health problems. Know I have rheumatoid arthritis, but while I was working out and eating right before the move, I felt great. Custom Meal Plan for 7-Day PeriodI am trying to eat healthy and may start to work out again soon. Have a trip to Disney World in May with the family and want to be k with myself in a bathing suit. My diet needs some fine tuning still, but I am sure can do it. Bread Kafka For breakfast, eat oatmeal with two eggs and sometimes a banana. Also try to drink 2 glasses of water. Morning Snack For my morning snack I will eat some apples or oranges. Lunch For lunch, usually eat chicken and sweet potatoes with a cup of veggies. Sometimes I eat leftovers from the previous day. I also drink a few glasses of water.Daytime Snack For this snack, I will try to eat a protein bar or drink a protein shake. Dinner Our family usually eats dinner by 6:30. I try not to eat anything past 9:00 anymore. For this meal, I usually eat whatever my wife makes. I am going to try to eat chicken, sweet potatoes, and veggies for this meal as well. Right now, I just go for what the family eats. Want to get back to my own meals though. I was getting better results. I also usually have a glass of milk with dinner. Day by Day Journal Day 1 Today I followed my meal plan for all but dinner. I had my oatmeal and 2 eggs or breakfast with a banana.For lunch, had my chicken, veggies, and cup of veggies. Had a burrito for dinner. Feel pretty good for following most of my plan. My snacks were an apple in the morning, a protein bar during the day, and had some popcorn at night while watching a movie, because a movie must have popcorn. Did a workout found online called Scoop's beginner workout. This involves basic bodyweight movements. I did 3 sets of his ABA rotisserie, pull ups, push up s, and squats. The pull ups were very difficult, had to use my legs to help get me up. The ABA routine almost killed me.The USPS were k, but my wrists have limited range of motion, so I was in pain and doing an awkward version of a push up. I have some stretches that the physical therapist gave me, I should start to do those too. Day 2 Today I did k. I skipped breakfast. I ate more burritos for lunch. It is just so convenient to put them in the microwave. I ate my fish and veggies for dinner. Fish is what I use when chicken gets boring. Also filled my 64 ounce water jug twice today. I felt very energetic today. Today I opted out of the workout routine and just did an hour long Ate Boo video.I did a lot of walking in place. I use to be able to do the whole thing. Hope to be back to being able to do the whole thing in a week or two. Also had a strawberry protein shake for both my snacks today. I am trying to convince the wife to go for daily walks, but this cold weather is not helping . Think may try to get her to do the Ate Boo with me. Day 3 I feel like I did k again today. It was oatmeal and a banana for breakfast. I didn't have time for the eggs. Ate some chicken and veggies for lunch. Dinner was some pulled pork my wife made. I am pretty sure over ate on that meal. My water intake was good.I filled my jug twice again. My snack in the morning was an orange and my evening snack was a piece of bread with peanut butter and honey. I have been skipping the milk at dinner and going for water instead. Also have been taking a calcium supplement. Chose to do the Scoops workout again today. This time was about the same as the last time. I didn't really notice anything being easier or harder. I was a bit more out of energy afterwards this time. Hopefully sleep really well. Day 4 Today was not very good for the meal plan. Woke up feeling like a bus hit me. My head was pounding and everything hurt.I ate about 5 scrambled eggs or breakfast, had lots of left over pulled por k for lunch. For dinner, I broke down and had pizza. I also had milk with lunch and dinner. My snacks consisted of brownies, cake, chips, and some yogurt. I did not work out at all today because of how felt. Remember feeling like this for about a week last time I started to try working out and eating right. I am not so sure with school and everything else going on that can afford to feel this way for a week. Time will tell. For now am off to bed. Hopefully I don't toss and turn all night from my aching joints.Day 5 I am feeling the bad eating from yesterday. I feel kind of bloated. It must be all the salt form that yummy food or it could be the stress on my joints. Started off today with my very boring and bland oatmeal, eggs, and water. For lunch, again turned to that not so boring and bland pulled pork. I just love that stuff. I should have married a bad cook so I wasn't so tempted to eat things not on my meal plan. I also had a glass of milk. I had my chicken, cup of broccoli, an d sweet potatoes for dinner with some water. My snacks were a protein bar and a protein drink. Id the Scoops workout again. This time was really rough with my soar joints. Id notice was able to not incorporate my legs as much on the pull ups though. All in all, onto terrible day. Day 6 Today we had my daughter's birthday party. Needless to say, I had lots of cake, soda, ice cream, and chips. I had no breakfast, just a glass of water. Not the best idea. My energy level was really low and not what I wanted while swimming with the kids. I went and got the family pizza after the party, so I had about half a deep dish pizza from Little Caesar for dinner and 3 root beer sodas.My water intake was k, as the party was at the wave pool and I must have swallowed a gallon of it. I missed my workout as well, but I did swim for about 3 hours with the kids. I am going to count that since I am exhausted. I hope all that chlorine doesn't make me sick. Day 7 Today was a good day. I skipped breakfast as had to work early. I feel a bit sick from the pool yesterday. Am sure it will pass quickly. I had some tattoos for lunch along with some water. I had a healthy soup my wife made for dinner. She said it was healthy, so I believed her. I say today is good because have lost 2 pounds over this last week.I drank lots of water at work today, but I forgot to track it. Just kept filling up a water bottle multiple times. I want to use this assignment to help me focus in on my goals and be happy in my swim trunks in May. Have an app on my phone to help me track what I eat and drink called my fitness pal. Hopefully I will use it. Conclusion In conclusion, I am a 34 year old male who is obese and trying to take steps to do something about it. I tried to make some dietary changes and exercise for a week. Did k, but there is a lot of room for improvement. In the end, the result was a 2 pound loss, which is encouraging.

Documentation control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

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The Economies - Essay Example Through the 20th century, Sweden progressed into a contemporary welfare condition. This was made feasible by a positive economic and political progress within the Nordic countries. Ever since the late 19th century, the Nordic lands urbanized from agrarian societies towards a completely industrialized societies. Matching with economic improvement, self-governing institutions and parliamentarism were initiated. Due to the idleness in WWI, Sweden grasped the advantage of the boost in foreign demands which was caused by the warfare. As a result of its documentation-high tax degrees and a remarkably huge public sect, Sweden has been broadly considered as the embodiment of the postwar wellbeing state. During the launch of the 1980's they loaned additional money, and then they imported excessively than they exported. Advanced education is being offered at no cost. This was sustained by the Conservative/Liberal Government which came in command during 1976. Every one of public childcare is co-educational. The jobless were presented with significant positions by the State. On the whole, the Swedish welfare situation remains exceptionally openhanded. Sweden had been more righteous rather than other countries similar to Germany and US as a result of an export boosting depreciation on the Krona during 1931. Sweden has coordinated its economic procedures with those of the EU, which it coupled at the beginning of 1995. Few Swedish economists have declared that Sweden's welfare condition has had grave unfavorable outcome on the country's economic development. This then had become the reason for profoundly increased taxes. We have learned that in Sweden the government has increased the fraction of salaries provided for income tax to sustain the universality of social services, where in due course, this did not really do well towards the citizens, but merely impedes them, and demonstrates them that they do not ever actually have to confront the responsibilities that go together with adulthood. For just about sixty years the Swedish economy has been gazed at and respected for its lofty level of comfort. Four out of ten employees were engaged by the administration, personnel who were being absent for work were excessive, low down productivity was then being encountered inside the export businesses, vacations along with other allowance settlement were very expensive, economic drop was sinking the base tax where the social agenda are required to pay for also the government shortage was escalating. As a result, citizens, who prefer to sit at home all day, even if they are completely capable of having a fine job, takes in similar benefits as those who are working outside their house. They had a scheme identified as cradle-to-grave welfare scheme, and it guarantees employment to almost every citizen. Ultimately, when the administration tried to lessen, the government expenditure Swedes was not capable to cope with their new offered sovereignty, and naturally, towering unemployment turned out to be one of numerous problems that this country has. Brazil happens to be the biggest country in population as well as in its size of South America. This country is a federative republic along with a government very

Law And Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law And Society - Essay Example His programs were collectively called the New Deal. The New Deal projects by President Roosevelt suffered massive drawbacks at the courts. Most of them were frustrated by the supreme courts issuing verdicts that they were unconstitutional (Himmelberg, p19). The statues and provisions in the new deal programs that were struck down by the courts include the Agricultural Adjustment Act, which supported financially staple farmers, the National Industrial Recovery Act, which approved the cartelization of industries, and the Railroad Retirement Act. According to Leuchtenburg, these sudden changes precipitated a constitutional crisis. They posed a difficult challenge to the conventional dogma of the Supreme Court leading to a constitutional revolution (Leuchtenburg p213). Frustrated by the courts actions, President Roosevelt reacted by announcing his reorganization of the judiciary. This was infamously known as the â€Å"court packing† plan (Mannino, p293). Several writers argue that the courts struck down numerous important laws in the twentieth century. The two pertinent reasons fronted for this precedence were; the laws were hastily and poorly drafted during the emotional hundred days of Roosevelt in office and that they were badly defended in the courts. It must be noted that these two arguments were found with flaws. One law in New York drafted by the best law practitioners in United States was a casualty in this period. This reason amongst others weakened the reasoning held at that time (Leuchtenburg p234). The court packing plan, for instance, according to Leuchtenburg had frightened the courts and posed a danger to them. This to him might have had some effect relative to jurisprudence. However, the interpretation of the constitutional revolution in the 1930s is diverse. Several law scholars have cited different Court cases of the twentieth century to support their stand on which case actually represented a constitutional revolution. In this term paper, the cases West Coast Hotel vs. Parrish, argued for by Leuchtenburg and Wickard vs. Filburn argued for by Cushman will be analyzed. As a result, determine which authors interpretations of the cases amount to a revolutionary case. In the case West Coast Hotel vs. Parrish (1937), the Supreme Court judgment upheld the constitutionality of legislation on minimum wage passed by Washington State. It overturned the trials court decision that was based on the precedent of Adkins vs. Children’s Hospital (Leuchtenburg, p164). This decision is believed to have ended the era in which the Supreme Court had a penchant for quashing legislation intended at regulating enterprise. Leuchtenburg argues that, this case marked a notable divide in the history of the courts. It also had a significant consequence on the destiny of President Roosevelt Court packing plan. In addition, Elsie Parrish case prompted a constitutional revolution in the United States Supreme Court (Leuchtenburg p163). Her case appeared to be heading for defeat since for a decade; the Supreme Court had ruled that a minimum wage act for women was unlawful since it violated the liberty of contract that the Court assumptions were guaranteed by the Constitution. Against all odds, Elsie Parrish was resolute in her quest for justice. Following the precedent of Adkins, her case was never watertight in the eyes of legal practitioners. Even at the time, the finest law practition

Strategic Leadership and Entrepreneurship for Dr. McDougalls Right Essay

Strategic Leadership and Entrepreneurship for Dr. McDougalls Right Food Asian Entres - Essay Example The founder and owner of Dr. McDougall’s Right Foods, Dr. John McDougall, as the chairman of the board of directors, continues to extend the most crucial influence to the thrusts and goals of the organization. As part of the management team, one’s sphere of influence encompasses â€Å"responsibility for corporate governance, corporate strategy, and the interests of all the organizations stakeholders† (Q Finance, 2009, par. 1). Through the coordination and participation of other management team members, one has relevant impact in suggesting recommendations towards the implementation of the business plan. The success of the management team is sourced from equal, fair and just collaboration and participation of all members, regardless of the diversity in responsibilities. In this regard, there is no eminent bias within the organization. With regards to anticipating hurdles, as normal as any organization operates, hurdles come in terms of external factors that are unseen, yet could influence the firms’ operations. These hurdles are increases in prices of raw materials or minimum wages for employees; imposition of additional value added taxes; or stiffer competitors, An effective leadership style is that which conforms, adjusts and adapts to the demands of the situation. One would demonstrate a situational leadership style that focuses on the capabilities and resources of the organization, in conjunction with the defined goals. Any strategy that needs to be designed must focus on the achievement objectives at the most efficient and effective manner. Any potential shortcoming is perceived in terms of responding appropriately to unanticipated changes in both the internal and external environment. One’s competencies and qualifications are the strengths that would assist in designing strategies towards the accomplishment of organizational goals. Weaknesses could come in terms of responding effectively to

Abraham Lincoln, Slavery and the Civil War Essay

Abraham Lincoln, Slavery and the Civil War - Essay Example As a leader from the Republican Party, Lincoln faced a number of challenges; there were demands by the republicans for harsher and cruel treatment against the South, extension of compromise towards the war democrats and last but not least, copperheads hated him. Hence South Carolina seceded from the union on December 20th 1860, followed by six states namely: Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Georgia and Florida. The six states went ahead and formed the confederate states of America with Jefferson Davis, senator from Mississippi elected as their provisional president. In the beginning of the civil war, union victory required Lincoln to address the problem of slavery, as majority of the whites were anti-black (Johnson 113). Preventing the formal foreign recognition of the confederacy, building a citizen’s army that was ready to fight and die for the union, raising the American economy to meet the vast war needs and dealing with hatred by his people without infringing their democratic rights on which the nation built were Lincoln’s goals.... ditionally, the northern free blacks encouraged Lincoln to support slave rebellion and called for him to issue an emancipation proclamation (Johnson 134). Lincoln’s cabinet also advised him to wait till the union’s emphatic victory had happened, to announce the emancipation proclamation lest it would appear as an act of desperation. Its issue meant that all the slaves from the confederacy states began rebelling. They abandoned works at the farms and industries and mass action demanding their freedom and rights as human beings and citizens’ of the United States of America. Lincoln issued the emancipation proclamation in order to cripple the Southern labour force and render them vulnerable. Emancipation proclamation was to free all the black slaves. Union states such as Kentucky, Missouri, New Orleans, Tennessee and Maryland rejected the move. Moreover, the moment Lincoln gave the 100 day period for the emancipation proclamation before it would go into effect, he w ent ahead and offered individual members from the confederate states three months gross period to rejoin the union. This meant that they would continue to enjoy the services slaves within their borders enjoyed. In conclusion, during the preliminary emancipation proclamation it is so clear that Lincoln goal was to end the civil war because, limitations included: not freeing all the slaves, and not overstepping constitutional authority. In the final Emancipation proclamation on Jan 1, 1863, Lincoln finally named the ten states that had not freed their slaves: Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, North Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Georgia, South Carolina, Mississippi and Arkansas. The main goal in this second proclamation was to end slavery and maintained that the blacks would be considered in the Union army and the

Discussion questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discussion questions - Assignment Example This can be configured for the home setting so that it can include easy access to different personal files. The same can be done at school setting. It can be configured to include access to student records, for instance. The differences are in the actual content and security access measures. †¢ Internet Explorer is often updated. Imagine you need to explain to a CIO what needs to be explored before deciding whether he / she would need to adopt the new version or stay with the old version and why. The CIO must explore the benefits and drawbacks of IE 8 and to consider how they will affect the business. For instance, the advantages of IE 8 are security because of Smart Screen filter and other built-in security features, reliability, such as through Automatic Crash Recovery, manageability through manageability features, and accurately displaying Web content. Its drawbacks are: 1) as a closed-source system, to have add-ons means paying for a license and 2) it still has security issues. The CIO must think about the time and costs for the adoption of IE 8. †¢ The text implies that restricting the applications users can run on their computers creates a consistent workstation environment and provides increased security. As a CIO, take a position on this topic and support your position with supporting examples. How would your response differ if you were an end user? This is good if only one group of people accesses the computers. What if aside from IT, engineers also need access to the system? Should engineers ask for permission and access every time they need these computers? These restrictions will affect overall productivity. Security should not sacrifice the efficiency and effectiveness of the company as a whole. Restrictions must not be too limited, especially to those who need to use the computers for their various workplace needs. Employees should be able to use these computers according to their functions and security

Police Corruption Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Police Corruption - Research Paper Example ainly due to what is known as the â€Å"blue code of silence.† This code of silence is the unwritten code by which police believe that it is better to not report unethical and criminal conduct by ones’ police brethren for a variety of reasons. Some of the reasons are that the police feel a sense of solidarity with one another, a sense of kinship and brotherhood, and this makes it difficult to report a fellow officer. Other reasons are that the culture of individual police forces encourages this silence by tacitly instilling, from the first day of training, the importance of developing this code of silence. Another reason is that police see one another as all dealing with the same level of corrupt citizenry, with breeds sympathy with one another and distrust of the citizens, which also makes it less likely to report misbehavior – the citizen probably â€Å"had it coming.† Still another reason is that there is a sense of fear that is instilled into the offic ers, as officers see whistle-blowers suffering social, psychological and career consequences from their willingness to report, and these officers do not want the same to happen to them. Consequently, it is difficult to measure the level of corruption, because police are not likely to report each other. It is further difficult to measure the level of corruption, due to the fact that individual police forces are reluctant to report corruption within their ranks, because the citizens put pressure on corrupt forces, which makes it more difficult to do their jobs. That said, corruption has been investigated and there has been successful policing of the police by independent agencies that gather knowledge about the forces and are able to use this knowledge to obtain convictions against police who engage in criminal behavior. Police corruption can run the gamut, from accepting gifts and gratuities, to using excessive force or drinking on the job. Wright (2010) has classified the types of corruptions that can

Legalize Marijuana Essay Example for Free

Legalize Marijuana Essay Marijuana has been vilified in America over the past 70+ years. Despite its many practical uses, medicinal and industrial, our Federal government insists on maintaining the status quo that the growth, possession and use of marijuana is criminal despite the evidence that the legalization of marijuana would have a positive influence on America. In this paper I will discuss the history of marijuana, the industrial uses of hemp, the prohibition of marijuana, the economic impact prohibition has on America, the effects of marijuana use on the mind and the body, marijuana for medical use, and how legalization of marijuana would have a positive influence on America. Although I support the legalization of marijuana I do not support the legalization of other Schedule I drugs, therefore this paper is not about the legalization of all drugs. Marijuana, as most people commonly know it, is really a plant called hemp, or cannabis sativa. There are other plants called hemp, but cannabis hemp is the most useful of these plants. Hemp is any durable plant used since prehistory for many purposes, and cannabis is the most durable of the hemp plants. The cannabis plant also produces three very important products that other plants do not, seed, pulp, and medicine. The cannabis sativa plant grows as weed and cultivated plant all over the world in a variety of climates and soils. Marijuana has been used throughout history; in 6000 B.C. cannabis seeds were used as food in China; in 4000 B.C. the Chinese used textiles made of hemp; the first recorded use of cannabis as medicine in China was in 2727 B.C.; and in 1500 B.C. the Chinese cultivated Cannabis for food and fiber. This time line goes on and on right through today. It is thought that hemp was first brought to the New World in 1545 by the Spanish; it was introduced in Jamestown by the English in 1611 where it became a major commercial crop alongside tobacco and was grown as a source of fiber. Our forefathers grew hemp; in fact it was the principal crop at Mount Vernon and it was a secondary crop at Monticello. There are recorded notes made by George Washington regarding the cultivation and harvesting of hemp. These hemp crops of course were grown for industrial use only and there is no indication that our forefathers were using their crops recreationally. Today the hemp grown for industrial purposes have extremely low levels of THC Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol delta 9-THC, the active component in cannabis therefore it is impossible to get high from such hemp grown for industrial use. During the Colonial Era Americans were legally bound to grow hemp. During the Second World War the federal government subsidized hemp and US farmers grew about a million acres of hemp as part of that program. Hemp is extraordinary in its diversity. There are over 25,000 different uses for the hemp plant. Because of how quickly hemp can be cultivated it is the Earth’s number one biomass resource. Hemp’s uses include but are certainly not limited to fuel; food, hemp seeds provide an incredible source of protein-not only for people but for birds who seek out hemp seeds which have been mixed with other seeds; paper; textiles, for example canvas, paper, cloth, rope; paint; detergent; varnish; oil; in; medicine; and building materials. Almost any product that can be made from wood, cotton, or petroleum including plastics can be made from hemp. In fact, hemp plastics are biodegradable. Besides its diversity, the practicality of utilizing hemp to its fullest potential is clear. Trees take from 50 to 100 years to grow; hemp’s growth cycle is 120 days. It is estimated that if the hemp pulp paper process reported by the USDA in 1916 were legal today it would soon replace 70% of all wood paper products. Despite all of its proven uses, all of which are beneficial to the planet Earth, the growth of industrial hemp in the United States remains a criminal act thanks to the robotic ravings of our federal government. President and founder of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) Glenn Levant Hemp is marijuana. Philip Perry, special agent in charge of the DEAs Rocky Mountain Division ignorantly states, (Levant 1) the effort to decriminalize hemp is no more than a shallow ruse being advanced by those who seek to legalize marijuana. It should be noted that the selling hemp products are not illegal and in fact the U.S. hemp-products industry does about $125 million in retail sales a year. Although most states had local laws prohibiting marijuana use and possession, it wasn’t until 1937 that the federal government passed the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act. Interestingly, the congressional hearings on marijuana prohibition lasted all of two hours in direct contrast to most congressional hearings on new laws which last for days and days. There were exactly three bodies of testimonies testifying at these hearings. The first was Commissioner Harry Anslinger, the newly named commissioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics who happened to be appointed by his uncle-in-law, Andrew Mellon, who was the Secretary of the United States Treasury. Commissioner Anslinger testified on the government’s behalf. Not surprisingly he was working from a text which he had not written himself but which had been written for him by a New Orleans District Attorney. Reading directly from this text Commissioner Anslinger told the Congressmen at the hearings, Marihuana is an addictive drug which produces in its user’s insanity, criminality, and death. That was the Commissioner’s brilliantly insightful government testimony to support the marijuana prohibition. The second bodies of testimony to testify at this congressional hearing were industrial spokesmen. The first of these spokesmen was, believe it or not, a man representing the rope industry. This industry representative testified that it was cheaper to import from the Far East the hemp needed to make ropes and therefore the United States no longer needed to grow any more hemp to make rope. Five years later, in 1942, the United States was cut off from its sources of hemp in the Far East and, since we needed a lot of hemp to outfit our ships with rope for World War II, the Federal Government went into the business of growing hemp on gigantic farms throughout the Midwest and the South. The paint and varnish spokesmen didn’t seem to care either which way. The only industrial spokesperson who objected to the Marijuana Tax Act at all was the birdseed representative who sang the praises of hemp seeds for the birds’ coats. Based on this objection the birdseed industry got an exemption from the Marijuana Tax Act for denatured seeds. â€Å"The third body of testimony was two representatives of the medical field. The first testimony came from a pharmacologist who claimed that he had injected the active ingredient in marihuana into the brains of 300 dogs, two of which died. When asked by the Congressmen if he choose dogs for the similarity of their reactions to that of humans the answer of the Pharmacologist was, I wouldnt know, I am not a dog psychologist. The active ingredient in marijuana was first synthesized in a laboratory in Holland after World War II therefore it is unknown to this day what this pharmacologist injected into the dogs. The second testimony on behalf of the medical field came from the Chief Counsel to the American Medical Association, Dr. William C. Woodward. Dr. Woodward was the hearing to testify at the request of the American Medical Association. His exact quote to the congressmen was, The American Medical Association knows of no evidence that marihuana is a dangerous drug. to which one of the Congressmen said, Doctor, if you cant say something good about what we are trying to do, why dont you go home? Remember, this testimony came from the Chief Counsel of the esteemed American Medical Association. It should be no surprise that the bill passed. The act did not itself criminalize the possession or usage of marijuana but instead levied a tax of approximately one dollar on anyone who dealt commercially in marijuana. The penalty provisions for violators of the proper procedures could result in a fine of up to $2000 and five years imprisonment. The intended result and indeed, the result of the 1937 Marihuana Tax Act was to effectively make it too risky for anyone to deal in the substance. During the war years the Bureau chose to concentrate on opiates and abandoned responsibility for most marijuana law enforcement to the states. In the post-war years, however, there was found to be a significant increase in narcotic drug abuse and the public began to be concerned with the spread of narcotic addiction, particularly among young persons. Congressional furor was aroused by the assertion that the use of marihuana inevitably led to the use of these harder drugs, particularly heroin. In 1951 Congress passed the Boggs Act, increasing penalties for all drug violators. It was at this time, for the first time in federal drug legislation, that marijuana and the narcotic drugs were lumped together, since the Act provided uniform penalties for the Narcotic Drugs Import and Export Act Boggs Act, ibid. and the Marihuana Tax Act. The states followed the federal lead. Then, in 1956, Congress passed the Narcotic Control Act, escalating the penalties still further. Once again the individual states followed suit. The current Controlled Substances Act (CSA), Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 is a consolidation of numerous previous laws regulating the manufacture and distribution of narcotics, stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, anabolic steroids, and chemicals used in the illicit production of controlled substances. The CSA places all substances that are regulated under existing federal law into one of five schedules. This placement is based upon the substances medicinal value, harmfulness, and potential for abuse or addiction. Schedule I am reserved for the most dangerous drugs that have no recognized medical use, and, of course, is the current classification of marijuana. Public opinion on the medical value of marijuana has been sharply divided. Some dismiss medical marijuana as a hoax that exploits our natural compassion for the sick; others claim it is a uniquely soothing medicine that has been withheld from patients through regulations based on false claims. Proponents of both views cite scientific evidence to support their views and have expressed those views at the ballot box in recent state elections. In January 1997, the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) asked the Institute of Medicine to conduct a review of the scientific evidence to assess the potential health benefits and risks of marijuana and its constituent cannabinoids. That review began in August 1997 and culminates with the report Marijuana and Medicine, Assessing the Science Base from the Institute of Medicine. This study was supported under Contract No. DC7C02 from the Executive Office of the President, Office of National Drug Control Policy. This report summarizes and analyzes what is known about the medical use of marijuana; it emphasizes evidence-based medicine derived from knowledge and experience informed by rigorous scientific analysis, as opposed to belief-based medicine derived from judgment, intuition, and beliefs untested by rigorous science. After their nearly two-year review, the investigators affirmed Scientific data indicate the potential therapeutic value of cannabinoid drugs for pain relief, control of nausea and vomiting, and appetite stimulation. Except for the harms associated with smoking, the adverse effects of marijuana use are within the range tolerated for other medications. However, the authors noted that cannabis inhalation would be advantageous in the treatment of some diseases, and that marijuanas short- term medical benefits outweigh any smoking-related harms for some patients. A most comprehensive and informative report on this subject is, The Budgetary Implications of Marijuana Prohibition by Jeffrey A. Miron, Visiting Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Harvard University, which was published in June, 2005. This paper concludes. Replacing marijuana prohibition with a system of legal regulation would save approximately $7.7 billion in government expenditures on prohibition enforcement $2.4 billion at the federal level and $5.3 billion at the state and local levels. Revenue from taxation of marijuana sales would range from $2.4 billion per year if marijuana were taxed like ordinary consumer goods to $6.2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco. These impacts are considerable, according to the Marijuana Policy Project in Washington, D.C. For example, $14 billion in annual combined annual savings and revenues would cover the securing of all loose nukes in the former Soviet Union estimated by former Assistant Secretary of Defense Lawrence Korb at $30 billion in less than three years. Just one years savings would cover the full cost of anti-terrorism port security measures required by the Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002. The Coast Guard has estimated these costs, covering 3,150 port facilities and 9,200 vessels, at $7.3 billion total. A further comprehensive study which reports and analyzes national arrest data between 1995 and 2002 is, Crimes of Indiscretion, Marijuana Arrests in the United States, compiled by Jon Gettman, PhD, published by The NORML Foundation in 2005. There are many reasons for marijuana wanting to be legal. It isn’t just the stoners and illegal distributers that want it, but also the people that use it for medicinal use. In my perspective that’s the reasoning for the bill not being passed. Just people seeing that one word marijuana, they take one look and think it’s just a group of pot heads that want to be able to smoke it legally. It can help many people probably everyone in the world if you think about it properly. Works Cited 1. Cruz, Veronica. â€Å"Gunmen Get Medical Pot from Home on NE Side†. Arizona Daily Star. 20 March, 2012: A1 A5. 2. Kurwa, Nishat. â€Å"Federal Agents Bust Marijuana School ‘Oaksterdam.’’’ NPR. NPR, 03 Apr. 2012. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. http://www.npr.org/2012/04/03/149937087/federal-agents-bust-marijuana-school-oaksterdam. 3. Legalizing Marijuana. Legalizing Marijuana. Web. 09 May 2012. http://www.uri.edu/personal/atro6990/. 4. Legalization of Marijuana. Legalize Marijuana, Legal Weed, Marijuana Facts. Web. 09 May 2012. http://legalizationofmarijuana.com/. 5. Schlosser, Eric. Reefer Madness, TheAtlantic: 1994. 6. â€Å"Up In Smoke.† The Economist. The Economist Newspaper, 14 Apr. 2012. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. http://www.economist.com/node/21552609.

Highlights On The Ethical Dilemmas Of Standard Chartered Bank Business Essay

Highlights On The Ethical Dilemmas Of Standard Chartered Bank Business Essay Standard Chartered plc operates as the leading emerging markets bank in the world. The banking group, known by many in the banking industry as Stanchart, operates over 500 offices in 50 countries throughout the Asia Pacific region, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, the United Kingdom, and North and South America. Its Consumer banking divisionresponsible for 58 percent of operating profit in 2000provides customers with credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, and investment services. Its Wholesale banking unit caters to corporate clients in the trade finance, cash management, custody, lending, foreign exchange, interest rate management, and debt capital markets. In 2000, the majority of SCBs revenue stemmed from its Hong Kong and Asia Pacific region operations, while the Middle East accounted for 18 percent, North and South America and the United Kingdom secured 14 percent, and Africa claimed 9 percent of revenues. The bank derives more than 90% of its operating income and profits from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, generated from its Wholesale and Consumer Banking Businesses. The group has approximately 1750 branches and outlets located in more than 70 countries. The London-headquartered Group has operated for more than 150 years in some of the worlds most dynamic markets, leading the way in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Its income and profits have more than doubled over the last five years, primarily as a result of organic growth, supplemented by acquisitions. The group employs 75,000 people, nearly half of whom are women. Its employees are of 115 nationalities, with 60 of these represented among senior management. Highlights on the ethical dilemmas of Standard Chartered Bank Although Standard Chartered Bank is an international bank and countries tend to trust it for its international standards, but being such a widespread company they have had their ethical criticisms. Some of the unethical dilemmas that the company has faced over the years are- Credit card complaints- Recently SCB has been facing extensive disputes in Asia particularly in India and Pakistan regarding the marketing of their credit cards. Figure 1:1- Reduction of the use of credit cards The governments trade watchdog, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Commission, has started an investigation of card-selling practices of certain banks including Standard Chartered Bank, HSBC and the local banks ICICI and HDFC. The commission has the power to fine companies and limit their business dealings. All the banks involved say they have followed all appropriate trade practices and are cooperating with the requests for information. On May 7, the Reserve Bank sent a letter to all commercial banks warning about usurious interest rates, asking them to make sure costs to the borrowers were justifiable. The ombudsmans office at the bank said it received 3,700 consumer complaints about credit card lenders within just the first 5 months of 2006. Newspapers regularly run articles telling consumers how to cancel their cards, and some frustrated credit card users simply stop paying their bills. (http://www.consumercourt.in/cred it-card/2638-standard-chartered-bank-complaint.html) Stock market scandal (International Agenda)- A report on Indias biggest financial scandal during 1991 1992 accuses foreign banks of transacting dummy deals to cover up losses or camouflage transactions by favored Indian brokers. The report from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) exposes what it calls the nexus between Indian brokers and two foreign banks, Standard Chartered and Australia and New Zealand Banking Groups ANZ Grindlays Bank. The report accuses Standard Chartered of entering into fictitious transactions to cover up an ever-increasing number of unaccounted deals on its investment portfolio. The central bank of India has issued fines of roughly $42 million to 10 foreign banks, including Citibank, Bank of America, American Express Bank Ltd. and Standard Chartered Bank, accusing them of involvement in Indias worst securities scandal. SCB violated its guidelines by financing certain stock market operations, as well as helping out a fathered broker, Harshad Mehta, by putting thro ugh a number of dummy transactions. (Sanjoy Zakaria, 1994, New York Times) Acquisitions and outsourcing threat- In Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia in the financial master plan encouraged outsourcing of non-core functions by Financial Institutions. Ever since, banks have been exploring outsourcing as a way to rationalize and streamline operation. While outsourcing is a way forward to reduce cost, manage manpower dependencies and to allow financial institutions to focus on its core business of providing services and financial products, such outsourcing is done without prior consultation with workers representative namely SBEU. Reduction of staffs not only occurs to those directly affected by the outsourcing of the job functions, but also other complementary staff areas. Example, outsourcing of Sales and Marketing job in Standard Chartered Bank has transferred jobs originally done by Special Grade Clerical. Indirectly, this will reduce career promotion prospect. The bank has also use rationalization (due to outsourcing) as an excuse to close branches and scale down others. In the case of Standard Chartered Bank, the bank has gone on closing 15 branches nationwide with two in Sarawak according to Law Kiat Min, General Secretary of Sarawak Bank Employees Union. Evaluation of the Ethical Dilemmas Faced by Standard Chartered Bank Credit card complaints- The consumer court in India has been tackling problems regarding unfair credit card charges and improper means to withdraw the phony due amount, Credit Card Terms Prompt Indignation Arigit Sengupta, a hotel manager in Bangalore, swears he is never using a credit card again. Skip to next paragraphAfter charging about 30,000 rupees ($743) to his card and paying his minimum balance on time, he said he wound up owing his bank more than three times that amount. The kind of interest they charge, not even a chartered accountant could understand, he said. Local and foreign banks are aggressively peddling credit card accounts in India, where a fast-growing middle class with disposable income has created the ideal card customer base. (Refer to Appendix-2) Even though the firm is maintaining the contractual theory with a customer during selling these credit cards, which represents that firms have a responsibility to comply with the terms of the sale, inform the customers about the nature of the product, avoid misrepresentation of any kind, and not coerce the customer in any way. But on the other hand SCB is overlooking the due care theory which focuses on the relative vulnerability of the customer, who has less information and expertise than the firm, and the ethical responsibility that places on the firm. Customers must depend on the firm providing the product or service to live up to the claims about it and to exercise due care to avoid customer injury. The result is vocal and heated criticism from card holders, consumer advocates and the government. They accuse the banks of levying unfair fees and nuisance charges and of providing miserable customer service. These banks are cheating the public, said C. V. Giddappa, general secretary of the Credit Card Holders Association of India, a nationwide consumer group. Mr. Giddappas organization estimates that Indian consumers are paying 16.4 million rupees a day (more than $406,000) in unfair charges, and is agitating for a debt-free India by 2020. Stock market scandal (International Agenda) Regarding the particular scandal in 1991 1992 in India a spokesman for Standard Chartered said some of the report was misleading, particularly the conclusion that senior managers were aware of the fraud. Barry Northrop, who heads a Standard Chartered team trying to recover the banks losses in the scandal, said the fictitious deals were created without the knowledge of senior management and in defiance of both internal and RBI guidelines. Individuals involved had been dismissed and procedures tightened. In terms of theories SCB has complied according to Milton Friedmans theory (1970) regarding corporate social responsibility, which interprets that the only legitimate purpose of a company is to create wealth and pursuing their business effectively for the benefit of their customers, whilst providing a profitable reward to their investors. Being a foreign bank SCB acted upon their best interest financially, according to Friedman its the role of the state to provide the legal framework that regulated companies behaviour in relation to the rest of the community, the government or any appointed monitoring entity should have foreseen such a scandal and prevented it from occurring. But in the context of Kants theory, deontology or duty-based ethics that judges morality by examining the nature of actions and the will of agents rather than goals achieved or simply a deontological theory looks at inputs rather than outcomes. Therefore since this move of SCB was clearly unfavourable for the economy of India, it worked as a bad reputation for the bank as well as other foreign banks. (Refer to Appendix-3) Acquisitions and outsourcing threat- The practice of outsourcing is considered as a good option, since it provides guaranteed professional assistance for businesses without the expenses of maintaining fulltime employees, but it also poses as a threat for the domestic countries work force. Outsourcing for talent leads to lack of job security for the local employees. Standard Chartered bank and a few other international banks in Malaysia has been outsourcing extensively which has lead to an inconvenience for the employees of the nation. The provision in the Collective Agreement only requires the Bank to consult the Union prior to outsourcing. Outsourcing has inevitably reduced headcount of staff of financial institutions. Attempts by unions to negotiate with the bank to ensure that when staff moved over to the new entity (outsourcing company), and retain their seniority, pay and benefits has not been successful. While it is not possible to extent exact figure of employees who lost thei r job due to outsourcing, it is estimated that about 30% of employees are directly affected numbering about 1,000 staffs. This figure is expected to increase due to continued rationalization and system engineering. Outsourcing takes two forms, namely, transfer of job function to head office prior to outsourcing in the case of Bumiputra Commerce Bank or direct outsourcing which happened in Standard Chartered Bank. Based on such outcomes and considering SCBs current status as one of the best multinational financial institutions, Carrolls (1979) four step model on CSR can be used to stress the depth of the duty an organization needs to comply. The first two steps of the model remain evident, but the last two steps addresses particularly to the dilemma SCB is facing. Since Carroll believes that because a company can affect the interests and even lives of people, it should be accountable/responsible, to societal interests over those of the owners and beyond the specific limits of the law. Best Ethical Values and Practices of Standard Chartered Bank Even though Standard Chartered Bank has had a reputation of using unethical means to reach a much beneficial end in terms of the companys market expansion. Although the British Empire isnt as global as it used to be, that hasnt stopped Standard Chartered. Sustainability is integral to Standard Chartered. Worldwide and in Malaysia, the bank champions dedicated causes, one of them being environment. The organization believes that each person can make a difference, and through small steps, the collection action contributes to the overall impact as the community unites to preserve the environment for future generations. The organization is cognizant of getting it right in the home, before moving out to the neighborhood. The strategy of embedding the environment consciousness among the staff was a key focus for SCB in growing green advocates. As such, their green agenda is woven into every level of the banks operations. Environmental and Social Awareness- Over the last two years, Standard Chartered has run multiple activities and programs focusing on self-awareness, reducing wastage and lowering carbon footprint under its umbrella theme, Go Green, Lets Make a Difference. From cutting back on air travel to implementing shared-printer facility between departments, the results have been very heartening. The bank has seen as much as 50% reduction in air travel, 20% in paper consumption, 50% reduction in air travel and 10% in electricity usage, and the introduction of e-statements with customers. Higher targets are set for 2011. The bank is already using recycled paper for their business cards, and sourcing to adopt recyclable paper in all their operations Their other programs, Seeing is Believing (preventing curable blindness), Living with HIV/AIDS, Financial Literacy Programme, are being tackled on ground with face-to-face interaction given theres a higher level of social sensitivity surrounding these causes. All the following mentioned above directs to the theory of Consequentialism; consequentialist ethics bases decision-making on the best outcome for the largest group that also results in the least harm. It is a form of utilitarian ethics, which focuses on results rather than ingrained moral imperatives. The utility principle requires the decision-maker to weigh the possible consequences of his or her actions to select options that offer the best results for society. This has lead SCB in attaining the title of one of the worlds most ethical companies in four consecutive years till 2010 all in recognition of its ongoing commitment to build a sustainable business for the benefit of customers, clients and the wider communities in whi ch it operates. (Refer to Appendix-4) Workforce Diversity- With more and more organizations going global, diversity at work is increasingly becoming an integral part of every organization. Diversity refers to any perceived difference among people like age, race, religion, profession, sexual orientation, geographic origin and lifestyle. SCB has started their journey of diversity and inclusion in India from 2006 with formation of the DI Council. SCB initially started by concentrating on three aspects of diversity, gender, disability and nationality. Some of the key concerns were the infrastructure of the working women, work-life balance, and barriers to growth. A series of focused group discussions were conducted to understand and address these concerns to help position Standard Chartered as the employer of womens choice, states Rajashree Nambiar, GM distribution and country champion, diversity and inclusion, Standard Chartered Bank. From an ethical perspective the bank has been exercising virtue ethics which focuses on t he individuals moral stature rather than the morality of the act itself. A moral actor will base his or her decisions on ingrained values rather than consequences or duty. However, the individual is part of a community so the virtues valued by the community affect the individual decision-makers thought processes. A cultures values are incorporated into the individuals ethical framework. As a global bank, the variety of markets they do business in makes them diverse inherently. In terms of gender diversity; women make up to 46Â  per cent of their total workforce and the number of women in senior management roles has also increased. To increase female representation amongst senior management they focused on creating a pipeline of high-potential female employees at middle management. In 2008, they developed a mentoring programme for their middle management talent, with a specific focus on women. The Bank actively supports International Womens Day. Across their markets, and organize a variety of activities to recognize the achievements of women and highlight role models. In 2008, SCB renewed focus on attracting and supporting potential employees with disabilities. Over the last 12 months, the Group trained and hired a number of blind employees in Pakistan, employed their first visually challenged employee in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. SCB also launched initiatives to support employees with family responsibilities, and new maternity and paternity leave policies were rolled out in Bangladesh, Lebanon, US and Australia in 2008. Recommendation According to the reasonings mentioned above it is clear that SCB initially made a lot of wrong moves which was mostly in their own interest, but gradually when they started being internationally recognized they have tried substantially to improve their ethical ways as a corporation. They not only provided international job opportunities in the economies they settled in, they also came up with various social awareness activities e.g. fund-raising, and city beautification programs in the countries they are operating. Since they are a service based organization their only way of communicating to their customers should be through goodwill building and transparent publication of their intentions and actions. On the other hand the governments of the countries where MNCs like SCB operate should assign more efficient and reliable monitoring bodies for convenience. References Text Books/Articles- Fisher, C Lovell, A, Business Ethics and Values: Individual, Corporate and International Perspectives, 3rd Edition, Pearson Education, 2009 Crane, A Matten, D, Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization, 2nd Edition Oxford University Press, 2007 Laurie J. Mullins, Management and Organisation behavior, 8th Edition, FT Prentice Hall, 2007 Jacques P. Thiroux, Keith W. Krasemann, Ethics: Theory and Practice, 10th Edition, Pearson Education 2009 De Geaorge, Richard T., Business Ethics, 7th Edition, Pearson Education 2010 Lawrence, P.R. and Lorsch, J.W., Organisation and Environment, Irwin, 1969 Press statement April 2002 to Standard Chartered Bank on Closure and downsizing of branches -pages 7-9 Websites- www.consumercourt.in/credit-card/2638-standard-chartered-bank-complaint.html www.gbcimpact.org/itcs_node/0/0/member_profiles/434 www.csrdigest.com/2010/08/going-green-using-social-media/ www.newyorktimes.com www.thetimesofindia.com www.timesnewspaper.com www.standardchartered.com

Imperfect Conscience in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment Essay

Crime and Punishment:   Imperfect Conscience  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A highly educated individual, avoiding the hardships of society while pondering the possibility of great wealth, Raskolnikov, in Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment," frustrated with his immoral actions, suffers from an abrupt physical and mental breakdown after brutally mutilating a wicked pawnbroker. After this soul-scarring incident, the initial feelings of success in completing his mission quickly changes once he realizes possible flaws in his, otherwise considered, perfect murder. Raskolnikov's imperfect conscience finally comes to an emotional awakening once his saint, Sonya, an unintelligent prostitute, brings him the love, sensitivity, and inner serenity to help him confess to the murder he so coldly commits. After ruminating on the pessimistic consequences of this crude and selfish murder, a change in conscience comes over Raskolnikov. Once he understands the reality of the matter does he actually suffer a breakdown. Though he commits a very serious crime, Raskolnikov still refuses to believe its contin...

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley :: Papers

An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley The author of this play is John Boynton Priestley. The Inspector Calls is set out in 1912, around two years before the outbreak of the Fist World War. Looking back on it now, or the perspective of 1945 when the play was actually produced in the Edwardian era. Priestly uses this era to show irony because in the play he talks about the Titanic not sinking and a war never occurring again. This was very ironic especially to the audience in 1945 because they would already know that the Titanic had sunk and had also experienced wars between the time the play was set and the time it was produced. In this play there is a rich, upper class family who were named the Birlings. In this family there was money the minded father of the family called Mr Birling and his wife. They had two children in the name of Eric and Sheila. Sheila was engaged to a rich man's son called Gerald Croft. This play is all about a suicide case involving this family. An officer who is called Inspector Goole is investigating the case. He is a hard talking inspector, who is trying to find out why Eva Smith (the person who committed suicide) took her life. In this essay I will examine how Priestly ends each act on a note of high drama. I will look at how the tension builds up and will describe how priestly leaves the audience plenty to think about during the ends of the acts and during the invitation. At the end of act one Gerald admits that he knew Daisy Renton (Eva Smith). He only says that he knew her and was hesitant to go on and explain how he knew Eva. "All right. I knew her. Lets leave it at that" After Gerald says that sentence tension begins to build between him and Sheila. Priestly presents this drama and tension by building it up gradually in the conversation. Tension is very high and increases hen Sheila figures out what the relationship between Gerald and Eva was. An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley :: Papers An Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestley The author of this play is John Boynton Priestley. The Inspector Calls is set out in 1912, around two years before the outbreak of the Fist World War. Looking back on it now, or the perspective of 1945 when the play was actually produced in the Edwardian era. Priestly uses this era to show irony because in the play he talks about the Titanic not sinking and a war never occurring again. This was very ironic especially to the audience in 1945 because they would already know that the Titanic had sunk and had also experienced wars between the time the play was set and the time it was produced. In this play there is a rich, upper class family who were named the Birlings. In this family there was money the minded father of the family called Mr Birling and his wife. They had two children in the name of Eric and Sheila. Sheila was engaged to a rich man's son called Gerald Croft. This play is all about a suicide case involving this family. An officer who is called Inspector Goole is investigating the case. He is a hard talking inspector, who is trying to find out why Eva Smith (the person who committed suicide) took her life. In this essay I will examine how Priestly ends each act on a note of high drama. I will look at how the tension builds up and will describe how priestly leaves the audience plenty to think about during the ends of the acts and during the invitation. At the end of act one Gerald admits that he knew Daisy Renton (Eva Smith). He only says that he knew her and was hesitant to go on and explain how he knew Eva. "All right. I knew her. Lets leave it at that" After Gerald says that sentence tension begins to build between him and Sheila. Priestly presents this drama and tension by building it up gradually in the conversation. Tension is very high and increases hen Sheila figures out what the relationship between Gerald and Eva was.

Essay --

Anonymous. "The Moral Lessons." Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. The author discusses what is occurring in the novel, the stories depicted in it, that could be said to be two, even three stories in one novel. We see that the author mentions Anna’s viewpoint of her life and how she feels about it. He discusses her love, and her crisis with it. Arnold, Matthew. "The Differences between Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary." Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. Anna, in Anna Karenina shows the struggle of not being like the other female characters around her, contributing to her disturbing feelings, and hopelessness. We see that Anna possesses a charm that Madame Bovary lacks, that holds Anna above in her a certain way. We see that Flaubert is cruel, and pursues Madame Bovary without her pity or pause, and is harder upon her than any reader is said to be. This leaves fewer feelings of forgiveness for Madame Bovary, and more for Anna, because she has such passion towards her lover. It shows the role society plays on ones state of mind. Blackmur, R. P. "Confronting the Immediacy of Experience in Anna Karenina."Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. In Blackmur’s criticism of Anna Karenina, he expresses that Tolstoy’s exposes his characters to the hardships of their lives. Using his imagination to express his characters responses to their experiences. Blackmur discusses how Stiva and Dolly in the book are, â€Å"too near the actual manner of things, are to wholly undifferentiated from the course of society and individuals, ever to feel the need or the pang of rebirth.† Anna on the other hand wants to set free what she feels underneath. Anna uses her libido not for sex alone... ...lstoy’s novel and his affection towards his characters are being compared to those of Homer. Trilling goes into detail comparing the two works, and how they don’t force the way their characters are but rather have a â€Å"natural† vibe to them. He is also connected the feelings towards these two types of characters back to religion, which is constantly seen when criticizing this novel. Wasiolek, Edward. "Why Anna Kills Herself." Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. In this criticism, we look at a theme presented from the novel, which asks the ultimate question of why Anna killed herself. How did she degenerate from the person full of life and love, to the person full of sorrow and hopeless she becomes at the end? There are multiple factors that add to this downfall of Anna, such as society, Vronsky, and her need for passion and love in her life. Essay -- Anonymous. "The Moral Lessons." Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. The author discusses what is occurring in the novel, the stories depicted in it, that could be said to be two, even three stories in one novel. We see that the author mentions Anna’s viewpoint of her life and how she feels about it. He discusses her love, and her crisis with it. Arnold, Matthew. "The Differences between Anna Karenina and Madame Bovary." Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. Anna, in Anna Karenina shows the struggle of not being like the other female characters around her, contributing to her disturbing feelings, and hopelessness. We see that Anna possesses a charm that Madame Bovary lacks, that holds Anna above in her a certain way. We see that Flaubert is cruel, and pursues Madame Bovary without her pity or pause, and is harder upon her than any reader is said to be. This leaves fewer feelings of forgiveness for Madame Bovary, and more for Anna, because she has such passion towards her lover. It shows the role society plays on ones state of mind. Blackmur, R. P. "Confronting the Immediacy of Experience in Anna Karenina."Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. In Blackmur’s criticism of Anna Karenina, he expresses that Tolstoy’s exposes his characters to the hardships of their lives. Using his imagination to express his characters responses to their experiences. Blackmur discusses how Stiva and Dolly in the book are, â€Å"too near the actual manner of things, are to wholly undifferentiated from the course of society and individuals, ever to feel the need or the pang of rebirth.† Anna on the other hand wants to set free what she feels underneath. Anna uses her libido not for sex alone... ...lstoy’s novel and his affection towards his characters are being compared to those of Homer. Trilling goes into detail comparing the two works, and how they don’t force the way their characters are but rather have a â€Å"natural† vibe to them. He is also connected the feelings towards these two types of characters back to religion, which is constantly seen when criticizing this novel. Wasiolek, Edward. "Why Anna Kills Herself." Bloom's Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. In this criticism, we look at a theme presented from the novel, which asks the ultimate question of why Anna killed herself. How did she degenerate from the person full of life and love, to the person full of sorrow and hopeless she becomes at the end? There are multiple factors that add to this downfall of Anna, such as society, Vronsky, and her need for passion and love in her life.

Key Components in the Leisure and Recreation Industry Essay

Recreational activities fall into six key components, which in turn are divided into sectors. Some activities will fit into more than one category, and other activities are hard to put into any category, such as bridge clubs- are they a sport or a home based leisure activity ? The main components are: * Arts and Entertainment * Home-based Leisure * Countryside recreation * Catering * Heritage and visitor attractions * Sports and physical recreation Arts and Entertainment This is a huge industry that includes many sectors, they are: Arts The arts, apart from commercial cinema and theatre is a precarious industry where losses are easily incurred due to high costs and a very fragmented market. Sponsorship and grants play an important part in these. The public sector plays the most crucial part in funding arts. At the top is the Arts Council, which in 1999 gave out à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½188 million in grants. Much of this came from the National Lottery. Some of it was given out to Regional Arts Boards who then fund local projects. Much of the grant aid is given directly to organisations or individuals. The Arts Council is not the only national public sector organisation to be involved in the arts. One important group is The British Film Institute (BFI) which is responsible for supporting film makers, and the promotion of the British film industry. Local authorities play an important role as well. They employ arts development officers who promote the arts locally and will support local artists. Some larger authorities employ established artists in residence, who work in the area promoting their art and creating commissioned pieces. Local Authorities are major providers of galleries and performance space such as town hall stages or community theatres or even parish halls. In some cases, such as the Lyric Theatre at Hammersmith, London is a part owner of a commercial theatre. Voluntary sector groups also contribute to this sector. Many trusts exist to develop minority arts or provide for specialist audiences. For example, Wolf and Water in Devon is a drama trust dedicated to working with people with special needs. Entertainment Classified as entertainment are popular performing arts and spectacles. The voluntary sector is important here as nationwide participation in amateur dramatics and music is a popular pursuit. Public provision is also evident but has changed in recent years. Thirty years ago most town halls and civic entertainments programme of films, theatre and musicals. This has largely disappeared now and has been replaced by events programmes that are organised by various departments. For example, many sports centres will host travelling theatre and ballet companies such as the Royal Exchange Theatre Group, while arts officers will book in tourism exhibitions. In the streets and parks outside, groups are invited to put on events such as the hot-air balloon events in Bristol’s Parks. It is the private sector that monopolises entertainment. There is a flourishing small-business sector that includes pub entertainments and single artists such as party and street entertainers, but the bulk of the market is contained within three areas: 1.cinemas 2. Theatre 3. Stadia/arenas Cinema-was very popular in the first half of the 20th century. Then when colour televisions and video players appeared cinemas started to lose there appeal to the public. Cinema companies were not refurbishing their buildings, most of which were built in the 1930’s, and were finding profit by selling them off as bingo halls. Some survived by aiming at niche markets(e.g. Corner House in Manchester). These ‘art house’ cinemas show foreign films. The main market is for commercial English-language films. In the 1980s there was a major review of how films were presented. This resulted in multiplexes being invented. They are equipped with the following features: * Modern luxurious buildings with high-quality projection and sound * Multi screens to show move films than one * Easy access often at out-of-town centres * Good customer care The closest multiplex cinema around is the Warner Brothers Village in Longwell Green. This complex has all the features shown above Theatre-the London theatres are highly profitable with a city audience and a huge tourist market. Even then, they increasingly stick to a formula of musicals or familiar plays with big name actors. For example Chitty Chitty Bang Bang was shown at London’s Palindrome with Michael Ball starring in it. The package largely consists of touring West End shows, nostalgia and tribute bands, comedians and spectacles like circus and ice shows. The main London Theatre companies are: * Delfont Mackintosh Theatres * Ambassador Theatre Group * Really Useful Theatres * SFX (Apollo) Apollo leisure is the leading national chain Arenas and Stadia- these are large multi-purpose buildings for very large audiences. Arenas(indoor) for example are likely to put on conferences and trade exhibitions as well as concerts, while stadia(outdoor) are designed especially for sport. An example of a stadia is Ashton Gate home to Bristol City Football Club. Many arenas are owned by Local Authorities or development corporations. Good examples of this are the various halls and centres in Birmingham ,including the National Arena. Sports and physical recreation These activities can be grouped as follows: * Informal recreation(play, walking, gardening) * Competitive sport (football, tennis, golf) * Outdoor activities (sailing, climbing) * Health and fitness (jogging, yoga) Many activities can often be put into more than one category. For example, swimming in the sea is informal, swimming for a club is competitive, swimming in a conventional pool can be seen as health and fitness. Each component has a different profile in the type of facilities and services it produces. Informal physical recreation or exercise- this is the most popular activity nationally. Nobody knows the hours children spend playing or adults spend gardening. We pursue these activities because they are cheap, available and don’t require a lot of skill. The enjoyment we get from them often depends on the environment we do them in. Competitive Sport-most people associate sport with the professional game. This means they are spectators, and it is the spectators money that underpins professional sport. Facilities were often run down to the extent that some were dangerous for crowds, e.g. Hillsborough 1989. Providers have found that profits increase when standards of customer care and corporate hospitality are improved. This has led to the building of a new generation of high-class stadia and race tracks and other facilities where the key services are: * Presentation of the core event * Merchandising * Catering * Safety and security Amateur sport is geared around participation and voluntary clubs. As land and buildings are expensive, many clubs use facilities provided by Local Authorities. Many outdoor sports clubs have their own facilities although there is an even greater number of players who use recreation grounds. There are about 78,000 pitches in the country. Thirty years ago amateur sport was largely centred on outdoor team games. Competitive sport means participation and developing skills and there is a sizeable industry for coaches and instructors. Despite its profile, competitive sport is on the decline and organisations like Sport England are concerned that as a nation we are losing our sporting skills and becoming less fit and healthy. For example, many governing bodies have big school-based programmes, and Local Authorities will run schemes in deprived areas where people cannot afford to play sport or go to health suites. Outdoor Activities-there are over a thousand centres in the UK which specialise in providing outdoor adventure holidays. Facility provision is also essential for outdoor sports, meaning the upkeep of the environment, and this is regulated by the organisations under the Countryside Agency umbrella, such as the Forestry Commission, Local Authorities or National Trust. For most participants activity in the natural world is occasional, and more time will be spent in training in built facilities such as pools or climbing walls. Profitable areas such as skiing, sailing, private sector companies are the main providers. Health and Fitness- there are now at least 2,500 private health and fitness clubs in the UK- it is a boom industry that many young people see as the exciting place to work in leisure. Private sector will increasingly dominate the market and eventually also manage and invest in public sector facilities on behalf of Local Authorities. The central product of these clubs is the fitness room consisting of cardiovascular equipment and perhaps free weights, and frequently areas with small pools, jacuzzis and saunas.. Heritage and visitor attractions The heritage industry concerns buildings and materials that have historical value. Thirty years ago these were largely stately homes, castles, ruins such as Stonehenge and battlefields. Heritage was often about how the rich and famous had lived or what they had collected, or about culture(e.g. Shakespeare). Now it has expanded to include a much wider interpretation of historical value. Whether the attraction is a theme park or museum, the organisers will do their best to employ all the techniques of facility management to look after the customer and make the product interesting. In a theme park the excitement of the rides is a key feature and bringing new and more exciting rides brings in more customers. The difference between a visitor attraction and a heritage site is that the latter involves considerable work behind the scenes which the public never sees. The most popular tourist attractions are: * Museums and galleries- British Museum * Theme parks- Blackpool Pleasure Beach * Historic houses and monuments- Tower of London * Wildlife parks and zoos- London Zoo Many heritage sites are owned by Trusts and limited companies that have been set up to manage individual sites, while many stately homes are owned and run by two big organisations: * English Heritage- is the national body responsible for the management, promotion and conservation of 400 archaeological sites and the historic environment * The National Trust- is a trust set up in 1895 to preserve places of historic interest or natural beauty. Its sites include a range from Paul McCartney’s teenage home to stately homes like Waddesdon Manor Museums-are not usually run by the private sector, largely because of high costs. Many museums started life as private collections which were later donated to the nation or the local community. Libraries-apart from their lending their services which we will look at later, they are largely involved in the heritage sector. They have a back-room role of collecting important documents including maps, and making these available to the public. This is known as the records and archives service. Catering Leisure catering includes pubs and clubs, restaurants, cafes and takeaways. Its firmly placed in the private sector with some exceptions. A catering company provides a service according to the specification of the ‘client’ and often under the client’s name. Many leisure centres and theatres buy in service in this way. The catering sector has various components that make eating out an enjoyable experience: the provision of food and drink; entertainment, such as jazz at Pizza Express, games; and security in the form of door staff. Eating out is an increasingly important and available leisure experience. The fast-food business is booming with a growth rate of 30 per cent. This growth is at the expense of takeaways and cafes, and especially of pubs and clubs. Fast food tends to be run by chains that can make economies of scale by producing the same product in each outlet. Many breweries have followed this trend and operate chains like Harvester restaurants within their pubs. In contrast cafes, restaurants and takeaways tend to be run and owned by family businesses. Countryside recreation The countryside is the natural, national playground and one which is used by walkers, ramblers and those involved in more active outdoor activities. A survey in 1998 by the National Centre for Social Research showed that 1,427 million day visits to the countryside were made and a further 241 million to the coast. Like any leisure facility such usage will have an impact which in turn will lessen, and even threaten, the leisure experience itself. Organisations working in countryside recreation are therefore primarily stewards who maintain, manage and regulate the environment and also produce information and education. An important organisation funded by the Countryside Commission is the National Parks Authority. This is responsible for the regulation and interpretative service inside twelve National Parks, which are designated areas of significant natural beauty and wilderness. The Local Authority has a part to play in managing and regulating country parks. In many cases it also owns the land and will act as landlord to any tenants in the park, such as farmers. Home-based leisure This is cheap, easy and relaxing. The equipment most popularly used are: radios, videos, TV sets, gardening materials and home fitness machines is normally provided by the private sector. The main exceptions are the library lending services in the public sector. Except for broadcasting this component is retail based. As the internet is more widely used, shopping for leisure on the net is likely to increase. Free services like Tesco mean more people are using the net.

Analyze “I Have a Dream” by Martin Luther King Essay

On August 23, 1963, Martin Luther King Jr., who had always been struggled for the freedom and resistance of racial discrimination, stood in front of Lincoln Memorial and gave a famous speech â€Å"I Have a Dream† to 25 million people to fight for their human rights. In Dr. Martin Luther King’s speech, he played multiple Talk Cards such as a compatriot of Negro, a father of four children, a believer, and a normal citizen that wish for the right to vote. Using different cards can raise more resonance from the audience and make people feel more involve in a speech. I think Dr. King could have also played a card as a leader that can help Negros to overcome the difficulties and lead them to a brighter future where the United State is a place full of freedom and justice. I think this was a smart move because the speech could comfort the citizens and make them realize that they should stand up and fight for themselves. Changing the Talk Card could change the overall message because different characters can make people easily experience the same feeling that Dr. King was experiencing and cheer the citizens up. I think the style of Dr. King’s speech is power because the whole speech was very inspiring and it represented a great power of his desperation towards freedom and justice. The main goal of Dr. Martin Luther King is to express how much the Negros want to have the same rights as white man. They could not stand for the discrimination and they were going fight for justice. The audience that came to hear the speech had the same goal as Dr. King. They want to fight for the Negros. Dr. King’s Talk Card effectively reach the goal he wanted to express. At the very beginning of the speech Dr. King said â€Å"I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation.† His goal is to fight freedom for the Negro and he directly claim that out in the very first sentence of the speech. He used a compatriot card, which all the citizens from the United States were playing the same card, to demonstrate his pursuit of freedom. That Card Play was very effective to his goal because it could bring all the citizens together and against discrimination, which was exactly what Dr. King tried to accomplish. Confidence, ambition, and motivation were the feelings he invoke in his audience, which were well-express by his tone and his inspiring sentences. This is such a great speech. Dr. King used his talented speech endowment to perform this breathtaking presentation and successfully motivated his audience to stand up and fight for the equal rights and freedom. References: â€Å"I Have a Dream† Speech, by Martin Luther King, 1963 http://www.archives.gov/press/exhibits/dream-speech.pdf https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1UV1fs8lAbg

Brand Management Across Geographic Boundaries and Market Segments Essay

Apple’s encouragement of differentiation between product designs and its promotion of secrecy around new product launches heightens the Apple mystique. These create the Apple â€Å"halo effect,† where a buyer of one Apple product has a high probability of returning to Apple for other products as well. Apple’s has emphasized its unique retail stores through design for several of its flagship locations as well as tailoring the retail experience to include product â€Å"test drives†, classes and workshops geared teaching users about its products. With relatively light presence in lower-margin, higher-growth geographic areas, Apple will experience less of its halo effect and reduced product/brand recognition, lowering sales potential. With China and India estimated to make up about 66% of PC market growth through 2010, this could be a significant challenge for Apple. Competition Against the Mac: Apple’s position is improving in the worldwide PC market; the Mac still represents a small fraction of the overall PC market. Apple enjoys a unique advantage of having something of a niche market without needing to compete directly with Hewlett-Packard Company (HPQ) and Dell (DELL) and Microsoft (MSFT) operating systems for enterprise endorsement. Against the iPod: Although Apple remains the industry leader in PMPs, the competition is making significant gains. The popularity of flash-based PMPs is problematic for Apple, which has much stronger market presence in hard-drive based (HDD) players. To combat this, Apple may release a new flash-based line of players. Apple in the Living Room Apple’s iPod and iTunes are a powerful combination that fosters a network style of increasing returns. By selling iPods, Apple increases the consumer demand for music from iTunes. By placing more musical choices on iTunes there is more demand for iPods. Apple is shooting for the digital living room of the future. For example, Apple just released a â€Å"boom box† portable version of the iPod. This comes with a remote control. Apple is clearly trying to develop a stronger core competency in the entertainment area. Style at a Premium Apple’s products are trendy and stylish. After Jobs returned in 1997, Apple retained a special designer called Jonathan Ive to differentiate their computers. Ive’s design of the iMac included clear colorful cases that distinguished Apple computers. Apple positions its Macintosh computers as higher quality and higher price. HP, Dell, and other PC manufacturers are pricing many systems. Although the Mac Mini is a base model with few features, it comes in a very small and distinctive package. Apple portrays this computer as â€Å"Small is Beautiful†. (Apple) Likewise, the iPod Shuffle was Apple’s first entry of flash-memory-based portable music players. Apple and the Digital Lifestyle Apple not only dominates the music player market, its iLife suite provides consumers with easy-to-use software for music and video composition. With â€Å"podcast† a household word, Apple’s Garage Band application makes the recording of podcasts and music very easy. Operating Segments Apple breaks its sales into five â€Å"operating segments†. The chart below shows the sales by segment for each year 2002-2005. On a percentage basis, only the retail segment appears to be outperforming the others. Differentiation Apple pioneered the PDA market by introducing the Newton in 1993. Later, Apple introduced the easy-to-use iMac in 1998, and updates following 1998. In 2001, Apple hit another important historical point by launching iTunes. This marked the beginning of Apple’s new strategy of making the Mac the hub for the â€Å"digital lifestyle†. Apple then opened its own stores, in spite of protests by independent. Then Apple introduced the iPod, central to the â€Å"digital lifestyle† strategy. Philip W. Schiller, VP of Worldwide Product Marketing for Apple, stated, â€Å"iPod is going to change the way people listen to music.† He was right. Apple continued their innovative streak with advancements in flat-panel LCDs for desktops in 2002 and improved notebooks in 2003. In 2003, Apple released the iLife package, containing improved versions of iDVD, iMovie, iPhoto, and iTunes. Apple continued its digital lifestyle strategy by launching iTunes Music Store online in 2003, In 2003, Apple released the world’s fastest PC (Mac G5).

The Importance of Good Writing

It can not be underestimated the power of good writing. I recently read an Article by Anthony Balderrama that talked about just this subject. Whether you are trying to keep a job, get a job or just maintain a job, he stresses the importance of being a good writer without being a detriment to yourself and all around you. With the advent of twitter, text messaging and blogging , he states that many of us have lost our abilities to formulate a great sentence and put it on paper without using slang words or run on sentences. Mr. Balderrama doesn't just single out those of us who may not be world class writer but he also speaks to those with the Shakespearian flare for formality sending warnings such as â€Å"If you treat every correspondence with too much formality, that will be more noticeable than the content. So sometimes â€Å"Hi† is a better way to open a message than â€Å"Salutations. â€Å"†. The article has a few anecdotes of people who tell their stories of how they have received a good job due to their better than normal writing skills. Better still those who have opened up more doors and opportunities for themselves and others with good writing skills. Finally Mr. Balderrama gives us four point in which to live our written life by 1) Proofread, Proofread, Proofread. 2)Pay close attention to your emails they have more value than you know. 3) When it comes to being a good writer be careful of those you correct and how you correct them. 4) Know how to communicate to a multitude of people, not just one genre or group of people.

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND DEVELOPMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND DEVELOPMENT - Essay Example Each theory has three important aspect of communication i.e. sender, receiver and message. According to Roberts (2007) â€Å"Change is a multifaceted phenomenon, yet regardless of the paradigm adopted, there is agreement among all writers about change: it is hard, and generally more complex than anyone first anticipates.† Managing change is directing resources to the direction of goals. It involves all the concerned people from the organisation. It is a calculative and structured process of dealing with known changes. Change management is the process requires proper communication and coordination with all the related departments. There are various issues involved in change management process. Change management is always a planned approach of an organisation. Change management process will be successful when there is maximum involvement of the collective effort of the people. The risk of failure of implementation is identified and strategy is developed to deal with the same. The human aspect of change is the primary aspect of the change management in the organisation. This is depended on the industrial psychology. There are various angles to the process like change management. The process should be multi-disciplinary. It should touch all the aspects of the organisation with a focus on the fundamental of the human resource management issues. The new procedures, policies and change in the organisation processes, process and strategic procedures have various risk of the resistance. People when work together form groups. These groups can be formal and informal. Groups have certain norms. The members of a group are likeminded in various issues and approaches. They have commitment for each other. The group communicate through some language to each other. The language becomes the basic tool of keeping the information regarding the norms and expectations of the

Labarotary report Lab Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Labarotary - Lab Report Example In addition, infants have still to develop a urinary system that concentrates or dilutes urine in response to changes in extracellular fluid. Aside from that, they are still unable to effectively communicate their complaints, It is thus important that an outside monitoring of water loss and input be conducted to prevent complications such as dehydration or edema (Ambalavanan, 2010). Early determination of abnormal fluid levels gives room in early intervention and prevention of complications. Usually, one can predict predilection of infants to abnormal fluid levels by the maternal and newborn history. As well, measuring of fluid output through urine, stool, nasogastric, orogastric, and cerebrospinal fluid may be conducted (Ambalavanan, 2010). For this experiment, four nappies per pair were prepared. After previously weighing all four, two (labelled 1 and 2) were added with 15-50 ml water, while the remaining were added with 15-50 l of concentrated salt. Weight differences between unused and wet nappies were then determined and presented in the tables below. Table 1 summarizes the data collected by the pair of experimenters. As can be seen, the differences among the unused nappy weights were minimal, with the mean weight at 10.2 Â ± 0.2 grams. Any detected differences among wet nappies, must thus be because of the fluids they contain, and not of the material they are made of. Looking at the data of other pairs (table 2), specifically of group 2, it can be seen that equal volumes of water and salt solution does not cause any significant differences in the change of nappy weight. In support of this data, group 3 found that pouring a volume of the salt solution that was twice as much as the volume of water caused almost twice as high weight difference as that recorded in nappies added with the same amount of water. Data gathered by this pair of experimenters, as well as of other groups were not used in